A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Arrangement of rolling mills, in direct line, allowing the metal
to pass from one set of rolls into the next.
Transferring molten metal from melting furnace to ladle.
Surface discoloration on a metal, usually from a thin film of
oxide or sulfide.
Pouring metal into ingot molds.
Transverse slipping of successive layers of a coil so that the
edge of the coil is conical rather than flat.
The state of or condition of a metal as to its hardness or toughness
produced by either thermal treatment or heat treatment and quench
or cold working or a combination of same in order to bring the
metal to its specified consistency. Each branch of the metal producing
industry has developed its own system of temper designates. In
flat rolled products including sheet and strip steel, tin mill
products, stainless strip, aluminum sheet and copper base alloy
strip; they are shown as follows:
ALUMINUM SHEET - (See Aluminum)
COPPER BASE ALLOYS (Cold Rolled) - B S Gage Numbers.
NOTE - Hardness is indicated condition while hardness varies with
alloy changes.
Temper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hardness
Annealed ......................................................................Commercially
Soft
Quarter Hard ................................................................One
Number Hard
Half Hard .....................................................................Two
Numbers Hard
Hard Temper ................................................................Four
Numbers Hard
Extra Hard ....................................................................Six
Numbers Hard
Spring Temper ..............................................................Eight
Numbers Hard
Extra Spring Temper .....................................................Ten
Numbers Hard
SHEET STEEL (Low Carbon Cold Rolled) - Temper Classifications.
Temper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rockwell
Full Hard . ....................................................................
.069 and thinner B 90 min.
.....................................................................................
.070 and thinner B 84 min.
Half Hard .....................................................................
Approx. R/B 70/85
Quarter Hard ...............................................................
Approx. R/B 60/75
Soft Commercial Quality ..............................................
Approx. R/B 66 max.
Drawing Quality ...........................................................
Approx. R/B 55 max.
STAINLESS STRIP STEEL (Cold Rolled Temper Classification) - Type
301.
NOTE - The various stainless strip tempers are based on specified
minimum values for tensile strength or yield strength or both.
However, because of custom, both distributors and customers alike
rely on approximate Rockwell readings for temper classification.
To illustrate:
Temper (Type 301) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rockwell .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tensile Psi
Soft ................................................ Approx.
B 75/85 ...................... 110,000 Min.
Quarter Hard .................................. Approx. C 25/30
..................... 125,000 Min.
Half Hard ........................................ Approx. C 30/35
..................... 150,000 Min.
Three Quarters Hard ....................... Approx. C 35/40 .....................
175,000 Min.
Full Hard ......................................... Approx. C
40/45 ..................... 185,000 Min.
Extra Hard (Type 301) .................... Approx. C 45 min ....................
200,000 Min.
Type 430 Soft ................................. Approx. B 75/85
...................... 75/85,000
STRIP STEEL (Low Carbon Cold Rolled) - Temper Classifications.
Temper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. Rockwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Means Tensile
No. 1 Full Hard .................. .069 and thinner B 90 min.
..................... 80,000
........................................... .070 and thicker B
84 min. ..................... 80,000
No.2 Half hard ............................................. B
70/85 ....................... 64,000
No.3 Quarter Hard ...................................... B 60/75
........................ 54,000
No.4 Skin Rolled ......................................... B 65
max. ..................... 48,000
No. 5 Dead Soft .......................................... B 55
max.
TEMPERED SPRING STEELS (Strip) - Temper indication is to Rockwell
Hardness only.
TIN MILL PRODUCTS (Steel) Temper Classifications - NOT STANDARDIZED.
FOR INFORMATION ONLY. (Not to be confused with the Cold Rolled
Strip Steel Temper Numbering System wherein No. 1 Temper indicates
Full Hard, while in the TIN MILL Product Numbering System No. 1
Temper indicates a soft condition.) The following Rockwell ranges
are approx. only.
Temper-Number . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . Rockwell - 30
T Scale . . . . . . . .Rockwell B Scale
No. 1 Temper ........................................ Aim at 46/52
............................ Aim at 45/53
No. 2 Temper ........................................ Aim at 50/56
............................ Aim at 51/59
No. 21/2 Temper ................................... Aim at 52/58
............................ Aim at 53/62
No. 3 Temper ........................................ Aim at 54/60
............................ Aim at 56/66
No.4 Temper ......................................... Aim at 58/64
............................ Aim at 62/71
*No. 5 Temper ...................................... Aim at 62/68
............................ Aim at 68/77
*No. 6 Temper ...................................... Aim at 62/73
............................ Aim at 75/84
*NOTE: Tempers 5 and 6 are temper rolled from rephosphorized steel
in order to develop desired hardness and stiffness. The above temper
classifications are used principally by producing mills and can
manufacture but are not in general use in the sheet and strip industry.
90/1.03% carbon range (Also known as clock spring steel.) - This
product, while similar to general description under heading of
Tempered Spring Steel Strip, is manufactured and processed with
great and extreme care exercised in each step of its production.
Manufactured from carbon range of .90/1.03% with Rockwell range
C 48/51. Clock spring quality has been ground and polished with
edges dressed. It is usually supplied dark blue in color and has
a wide range of uses, such as coiled and flat mechanical springs,
ignition vibrator springs, springs for timing devices, springs
for the electric and electronic fields, steel tapes, rules, etc.
Any medium or high carbon (excluding clock spring) strip steel
of spring quality which has been hardened and tempered to meet
specifications. Where specification calls for blue or straw color,
same is accomplished by passing through heat prepared at proper
temperature depending on color required. Blue is developed at approximately
600°F.
(Also termed “drawing.”) - A process of re-heating quench-hardened
or normalized steel to a temperature below the transformation range
and then cooling at any rate desired. The primary purpose of tempering
is to impart a degree of plasticity or toughness to the steel to
alleviate the brittleness of its martensite.
Subjecting metal sheet or strip to a slight amount of cold rolling
following annealing (usually ½ to 1 ½ %) to forestall
stretcher strains. Also termed “Pinch Pass” or “Skin
Rolled.” (See Cold Rolling)
(Also called ultimate strength) - Breaking strength of a material
when subjected to a tensile (stretching) force. Usually measured
by placing a standard test piece in the jaws of a tensile machine,
gradually separating the jaws, and measuring the stretching force
necessary to break the test piece. Tensile strength is commonly
expressed as pounds (or tons) per square inch of original cross
section.
(See Tensile Strength)
An alloy that contains three principal elements.
Sheet steel, coated with a lead-tin alloy. The percentage of tin
is usually kept as low as possible because of its high cost; however,
about 15% is normally necessary in order to obtain proper coating
of the steel, since pure lead does not alloy with iron and some
surface alloying is necessary for proper adhesion.
A device for measuring temperatures by the use of two dissimilar
metals in contact; the junction of these metals gives rise to a
measurable electrical potential with changes in temperature.
A hardened and tempered, edged, ground, and polished thin section,
high carbon strip steel. Usually ½” in width and in
thicknesses from .001 to .050” manufactured to extremely close
tolerances. It is used primarily for determining measurement of
openings by tool and die makers, machinists, and automobile technicians.
It is prepared in handy pocket size knife-like holders containing
an assembly of various thicknesses. Also prepared in standard 12” lengths
with rounded ends in 10’ and 25’ coils. Universally used
in the metal industry.
(A) In stainless steel strip tempers are based on a minimum tensile
or yield strength. For Chromium-Nickel grades three-quarter hard
temper is 175,000 T.S., 135,000 Y.S. min. (B) In Brass mill terminology,
this temper is three B & S numbers hard or 29.4% thickness
reduction.
(Chemical Symbol Sn) - Element No. 50 of the periodic system;
atomic weight 118.70. Soft silvery white metal of high malleability
and ductility, but low tensile strength; melting point 449°F.,
boiling point 4384°F., yielding the longest molten-state range
for any common metal; specific gravity 7.28. Principal use as a
coating on steel in tin plate; also as a constituent in alloys.
Coating with tin, commonly either by immersion into molten tin
or by electrodeposition; also by spraying.
A Tin Plate Base Box is measured in terms of pounds per Base Box
(112 sheets 14” x 20”) a unit peculiar to the tin industry.
This corresponds to its area of sheet totaling to 31.360 square
inches of any gage and is applied to tin plate weighing from 55
to 275 pounds per base box. To convert to decimal thickness multiply
weight per base box by .00011.
Electroplating metal objects with tin; the object to be coated
is made cathode (negative electrode) in an electrolytic bath containing
a decomposable tin salt.
(Chemical Symbol Ti) - Element No. 22 of the periodic system;
atomic weight 47.90, melting point about 3270°F.; boiling point
over 5430°F; specific gravity 4.5. Bright white metal, very
malleable and ductile when exceedingly pure. Its principal functions
as an alloy in the making of steel (1) Fixes carbon in inert particles
(a) reduces martensitic hardness and hardenability in medium chromium
steel (b) prevents formation of austenite in high-chromium steels
(c) prevents localized depletion of chromium in stainless steel
during long heating. Now finding application in its own right because
of its high strength and good corrosion resistance.
The permissible deviation from the desired value.
Any high carbon or alloy steel capable of being suitable tempered
for use in the manufacture of tools.
Property of resisting fracture or distortion. Usually measured
by impact test, high impact values indicating high toughness.
Extremely small quantity of an element, usually too small to determine
quantitatively.
A constitutional change in a solid metal, e.g., the change from
gamma to alpha iron, or the formation of pearlite from austenite.
Temperature range over which a chemical or metallurgical change
takes place.
The temperature at which transformation occurs. The term is sometimes
used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range.
Tempered martensite that etches rapidly, usually appears dark,
and is not resolved by the microscope.
Hardened and tempered spring steel. .90 to 1.05% carbon content.
Ordinary tolerances, but rolled extra flat - Rockwell C 50. Used
in the manufacture of plastering trowels.
Supplied cold rolled and bright annealed. Carbon content about
.70% - Manganese .74%. Must be formed very severely and must be
as free as possible from decarburization.
A method for determining micro-hardness by using a Knoop diamond
indenter or Vickers square-base pyramid indenter.
Cleaning articles by rotating them in a cylinder with cleaning
materials.
(Chemical symbol W) - Element No. 74 of the periodic system; atomic
weight 183.92. Gray metal of high tensile strength, ductile and
malleable when specially handled. It is immune to atmospheric influences
and most acids, but not to strong alkalies. The metal is used as
filament and in thin sheet form in incandescent bulbs and radio
tubes. (1) Forms hard abrasion resistant particles in tool steels.
(2) Promotes hardness and strength at elevated temperatures.
Compound of tungsten and carbon, of composition varying between
WC and W2C; imbedded in matrix of soft metal, such as cobalt, extensively
used for Sintered Carbide Tools.
A winding departure from flatness.
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